Senin, 12 Juli 2010

Towering undersea volcano mapped off Indonesia

The Jakarta Post, The Associated Press, Jakarta | Mon, 07/12/2010 6:18 PM


A 3,000m volcano deep below the water's surface has been discovered off Indonesia's Sulawesi island. Photograph: Irwin Fedriansyah/AP


Scientists on a deep-sea expedition off Indonesia have discovered a towering volcano: It rises 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) from the ocean floor, yet remains far from sight at the water's surface.

U.S. and Indonesian researchers, using a powerful sonar system and a robotic vehicle with high-definition video, are exploring terrain off Sulawesi island in hopes of getting a glimpse into complex and little-known marine ecosystems.

They have mapped 2,400-sq.-miles (6,200 sq.-kilometers) of sea floor since setting off last month, an area equal to the size of the U.S. state of Delaware, according to a news release from the American embassy in Jakarta.

They found one undersea volcano that rises more than 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) in water 18,000-feet- (5,480-meters-) deep, said Jim Holden, the chief U.S. scientist for the first leg of the joint expedition.

"This is a huge undersea volcano," he said, "taller than all but three or four mountains in Indonesia."

The researchers hope the maps and video produced from the journey will pave the way for others who want to follow up on their preliminary findings.

"The more we understand these undersea features and the communities of life they support, the better we can manage and protect the ocean and its resources," said Holden, a microbiologist at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst.

Sugiarta Wirasantosa, the chief Indonesian scientist for the expedition, said the research could contribute to protecting ecosystems that support fisheries.

The expedition concludes on August 14.


Kamis, 08 Juli 2010

Pertamina Says Oil Spill All Mopped Up as Police Probe Negligence Angle

Jakarta Globe, July 09, 2010, Candra Malik,Arientha Primanita& Fidelis E Satriastanti

State oil and gas company Pertamina has succeeded in siphoning almost all of the crude oil that spilled into a river in Blora, Central Java, following a leak at its local fuel depot, an executive said on Thursday.

The leak, which police say might have been caused by negligence on the part of an officer on duty at the depot, on Wednesday sent thousands of liters of crude into the nearby Ledok River, covering it for kilometers in a thick layer of oil.

Fires, the causes of which were not yet known, also broke out on the surface, but the main blazes have already been extinguished, officials say.

Basuki Trikora Putra, Pertamina vice president of corporate communications, confirmed the oil spill and said that the company had carried out the necessary cleanup actions.

“We’ve managed to extract almost 95 percent of the spilled oil using a pump,” Basuki said.

“There were fires [at the site] for a while but we’ve managed to douse most of them.

“We’ll conduct an audit to see whether there are any external and internal causes for the accident, besides technical issues,” he said, adding the company had not yet calculated its losses.

On Thursday, some areas of the river still spewed thick smoke, a local policeman said, but the smoke did not prevent several residents from nearby settlements from trying to scoop the oil from the surface for use at home.

Some residents told reporters there that they planned to use the oil as fuel for cooking.

Blora Police Chief Adj. Comr. Isnaini Ujiarto told the Jakarta Globe that police were helping Pertamina officials from the depot to “localize this incident.”

“Fortunately, the depot is in the middle of a teak forest, far from any settlement, so to date there have been no reports of casualties,” Isnaini said.

Pertamina has contained the spill on the surface of the river and used oil pumps to siphon the crude into tankers, he said.

He added that an inspection of the storage facilities in the depot showed that although the fuel tanks were old and rusted, dating back to the Dutch colonial era, there was no sign of a leak.

Police, he said, suspect negligence on the part of an employee at the depot, who might have forgotten to close down a valve on time, causing the crude oil to flow into the river.

Police are questioning workers at the depot but have yet to name a suspect, he said.

As a precaution, police have closed access to the river from the three villages closest to the location of the spill — Ledok, Gagahan and Pojok Watu — to prevent people from scooping up the fuel, Isnaini said.

Berry Nahdian Furqon, executive director of the Indonesian Forum for the Environment (Walhi), urged the directors of Pertamina to evaluate their management and technology, pointing out that similar accidents had hit the company in the past.

“This is not the first time that there’s been a leak, so there should be a thorough investigation of the officials, and the directors of Pertamina should take full responsibility,” Berry said, adding that the incident showed how safety issues in the oil and gas industry were often ignored.

Pertamina should also be responsible for all costs stemming from the incident, including cleaning up the river, repairing other environmental damage and compensating villagers affected by the oil spill, he said.

Under the 2009 Environmental Protection and Management Law, heavy penalties can be imposed on corporations or institutions found to have caused environmental pollution.

Imam Hendargo, a senior official at the State Ministry for the Environment, said a team from the district environmental office had been dispatched to the site to investigate the leak and assess the damage.


Related Article:

Scientists claim fish 'talk' to each other

Fish communicate with each other in a secret language of grunts, growls, chirps and pops, researchers in New Zealand have discovered.

Telegraph.co.uk, By Paul Chapman in Wellington, 07 Jul 2010


Goldfish were found to be good listeners Photo: IAN JONES


Far from being a place of deep silence, the underwater world is abuzz with the sound of fish sweet-talking the opposite sex, warning others of danger, giving directions, and general background chatter.

Predators may even hunt out prey by intercepting fish talk, researcher Shahriman Ghazali of Auckland University said.

"All fish can hear but not all can make sound -- pops and other sounds made by vibrating their swim bladder, a muscle they can contract," he said.

Mr Ghazali, who is presenting a paper on his research to fellow marine scientists in Wellington this week, hopes to decipher the contexts for different types of communication.

"This is the next step. We are 99 per cent sure they are fish sounds.

"Now we want to find out what the sounds mean," he told the New Zealand Herald.

The main reasons appear to be attracting mates, scaring off predators, and orientating themselves around reefs, he said.

He placed groups of fish into tanks in a laboratory, gave them a few weeks to settle in, and monitored them using an underwater microphone and instruments that detect water movement.

It emerged that gurnard are among the most talkative, making distinctive grunts and keeping up a pattern of chatter throughout the day.

Cod, on the other hand, stay mostly silent, except while spawning when they become very vocal.

"The hypothesis is that they are using the sound as a synchronisation so that the male and female release their eggs at the same time for fertilisation," Mr Ghazali said.

"Outside spawning season, you won't hear a sound from them."

Fish known as bigeyes produce a popping sound, which appears to operate as a sort of Morse code.
Mr Ghazali debunked a commonly held belief that crayfish in New Zealand waters make a similar popping sound when divers approach.

"I didn't get any sound from any of them," he said.

He also advised pet owners who tap the bowls of goldfish not to hold their breath for a reply.

"Goldfish have excellent hearing but they don't make any sound whatsoever," he said.


Fish are far cleverer than scientists have previously believed


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